Note publique d'information : LA REVISION CONSTITUTIONNELLE SOUS LA CINQUIEME REPUBLIQUE EST MARQUEE A LA FOIS PAR
UNE ANCIENNE QUERELLE ET UN RECENT RENOUVEAU. DURANT SES CINQ PREMIERES ANNEES D'EXISTENCE,
LA CONSTITUTION FRANCAISE DE 1958 A ETE FORMELLEMENT REVISEE PAR LA MISE EN OEUVRE
DE TROIS PROCEDURES DIFFERENTES. DEPUIS LES CINQ DERNIERES ANNEES, LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS
L'ONT MODIFIEE AUTANT DE FOIS QU'ELLE L'AVAIT ETE PENDANT PLUS DE TRENTE ANS. LA NOTION
MEME DE "REVISION CONSTITUTIONNELLE" S'EN TROUVE RENOUVELEE. DANS CETTE DOUBLE SPECIFICITE
- INCERTITUDES PROCEDURALES ET FREQUENCE DES REVISIONS - DU SYSTEME CONSTITUTIONNEL
ACTUEL, LE SENAT A UNE PLACE PARTICULIERE. LE REFERENDUM DIRECT PREVU PAR L'ARTICLE
11 DE LA CONSTITUTION A ETE UTILISE D'ABORD MALGRE LES REGLES DU BICAMERISME PUIS
CONTRE LE BICAMERALISME. SPECTATRICE PUIS VICTIME, LA SECONDE CHAMBRE EST DEVENUE
PLEINEMENT ACTRICE DE LA REVISION CONSTITUTIONNELLE ET SES DROITS NE FURENT PLUS CONTESTES
PAR LES AUTRES ACTEURS INSTITUTIONNELS. OR LA DESUETUDE DU REFERENDUM CONSTITUANT
MODIFIE SENSIBLEMENT LE SYSTEME POLITIQUE LUI-MEME ET RENFORCE LA MAITRISE PARLEMENTAIRE.
SI LE DROIT DE VETO QUE CONFERE A LA HAUTE ASSEMBLEE LE DISPOSITIF DE L'ARTICLE 89
DE LA CONSTITUTION SUPPOSE QU'ON LE DEFINISSE CLAIREMENT, IL N'AUTORISE PAS QU'ON
LE JUGE A L'AUNE DE CRITERES INADEQUATS. AUSSI IMPORTE-T-IL DE METTRE EN PERSPECTIVE
LES ORIENTATIONS REFORMISTES DU SENAT, ESSENTIELLEMENT TELLES QU'ELLE SE SONT MANIFESTEES
AU COURS DES NOMBREUX ACTES DE REVISION QUE LA CINQUIEME REPUBLIQUE A CONNUS ENTRE
1958 ET 1996. IL APPARAIT ALORS QUE, SI LA SECONDE CHAMBRE TEND A DEFENDRE L'INSTITUTION
PARLEMENTAIRE, ELLE ASPIRE SURTOUT A ETENDRE AU-DELA DE LA REVISION CONSTITUTIONNELLE
L'"EQUICAMERISME" QUE CONSACRE LA MISE EN OEUVRE DE L'ARTICLE 89.
Note publique d'information : DURING THE FIFTH REPUBLIC, THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IS MARKED AT THE SAME TIME BY
AN OLD QUARREL AND A RECENT REVIVAL. DURING ITS FIRST FIVE YEARS, THE FRENCH CONSTITUTION
OF 1958 HAS BEEN FORMALLY REVIEWED BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THREE DIFFERENTS PROCEDURES.
OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS, THE GOVERNMENTS HAS CHANGED IT AS MANY TIMES AS IT HAS BEEN
CHANGED FOR MORE THAN THIRTY YEARS. THE VERY NOTION OF "CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW" IS
THUS RENEWED. AS REGARD THIS TWO-SIDE SPECIFICITY - UNCERTAIN PROCEEDINGS AND THE
FREQUENCY OF REVIEWS - OF THE PRESENT CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM, THE SENATE HAS A PARTICULAR
POSITION. THE DIRECT REFERENDUM PROVIDED IN THE ARTICLE OF THE CONSTITUTION WAS FIRST
USED IN SPITE OF THE RULES OF THE BICAMERAL SYSTEM AND THEN AGAINST IT. FIRST A WITNESS
THEN A VICTIM, THE SECOND CHAMBER HAS BECOME A TRUE ACTOR IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW
AND ITS RIGHTS HAVE NOT BEEN DENIED BY THE OTHER INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS ANY LONGER WHEREAS
THE OBSOLESCENCE OF THE CONSTITUENT REFERENDUM SLIGHTLY MODIFIES THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
ITSELF AND STRENGTHENS THE PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL. IF THE RIGHT TO VETO WHICH IS GIVEN
TO THE HAUTE ASSEMBLEE BY THE ARTICLE 89 OF THE CONSTITUTION SUPPOSES THAT IT SHOULD
BE CLEARLY DEFINED IT CAN'T BE JUDJED FROM INADEQUATE CRITERIA. THUS IT IS IMPORTANT
TO CONSIDER THE REFORMIST TRENDS OF THE SENATE, BASICALLY AS THEY HAVE EMERGED ALL
ALONG THE NUMEROUS ACTS OF REVISION, WHICH THE FIFTH REPUBLIC HAS EXPERIENCED BETWEEN
1958 AND 1996. THEN IF THE SECOND CHAMBER SEEMS TO DEFEND THE PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTION
IT LONGS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THE EQUITY OF THE TWO CHAMBRES ABOVE ALL BEYOND THE
CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW ESTABLISHED IN ARTICLE 89.
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